Keiretsu networks are best described as:

Keiretsu networks are best described as a collaborative supplier network because they involve a group of companies, often from different sectors, that work together cooperatively in ways that benefit all members of the network. These alliances are characterized by long-term relationships and mutual trust, allowing companies to share information, resources, and expertise. In these networks, parties often maintain equity stakes in each other's companies, reinforcing their interdependence and fostering collaboration on projects that can enhance efficiency and innovation. This collaborative nature helps participants to achieve competitive advantages, improve supply chain performance, and enhance product development cycles, making the keiretsu approach distinct from other business arrangements.